Well to try and add some to the discussion here, mostly with regards to ladder.
With the change to a larger map pool, I think ladder has seen a burst of new life (and it's amazing). That's one problem solved pretty much. So any new changes should focus on the quality of the experience. However massive rating deltas are insanely common in ladder (I think at least). To elaborate;
1. New players get matched with outrageous opponents during first 10 games, this is just bad design per definition. The lower ranges are quite populated and there really is no reason to keep this current system. Your first 10 games should perhaps leave you at a 1000 rating if you win them all and match you with opponents on average below that. All the current system encourages is to make smurf accounts every now and then to try and end up really high (remember when crazed broke ladder? xD). It is also disheartening as shit for new players. If there is no option for ''unranked'' 1v1 automatch then this shit needs to be TAILORED for new players, there is no other option that's not suicidal for the ladder in the long run.
2. Very high rating deltas are still super common at middle ranges, for example a few days ago I was at ~1350ish ladder and got matched (repeatedly!) with an ~1800 player. This is in the majority of the cases pretty fucked up and makes me wonder if this much looseness in matching criteria is necessary (esp. with the resurgence in activity) and whether it is conducive to the ladder experience (it probably isn't).
3. & 4. There are no seasons/soft resets & no prestige awards for being good. These two things are kind of linked together. In virtually every competitive game nowadays there are seasons with soft resets, it's just a staple of modern gaming culture and not going along with this for whatever reason makes the system feel awkward and outdated to pretty much every competitive minded player who is used to trying to 'compete'. It allows people to try and reach new heights during a new season, it prevents ladder anxiety because you know it's just one season, it brings a massive resurgence of activity as new seasons begin, etc.
Rewards are linked to this, while most modern games offer cosmetics etc, this is not super feasible in FAF as far as I know, but some measure of recognition should still be possible. Even a bronze/silver/gold/platinum/diamond extra avatar or badge next to your name/different color name/anything that's feasible would tremendously appeal to anyone who is used to having these kinds of things in games with a competitive 'atmosphere'. It's an incentive to participate and recognition for doing so, it opens the door to end of season tournaments (where you'd want the few real prizes we have) for different tiers, results of which could be featured in the client and the website. Comparing with the current situation, the amount of prestige coupled to this is just so, so much more.
I think these are very basic 'structures' and there's a reason they're seen in almost every competitive minded game out there, it's because they work. If it's possible to implement them and implement them well, there really is no reason not to. Of course this depends on how feasible they are, if deltas remain massive there will still be an atmosphere of unfairness, if there are no resets then it's weird to have rewards because they will feel permanently out of reach, especially if they're not split up for different tiers, etc. Perhaps at the 1800-2000+ range there are too few players to have small deltas, but even then there are easy and obvious solutions, like ''challenger/grand champion tiers (with the top xxx players)", in fact this might be the only place where it even makes sense to display the exact rating rather than the associated tier. Well I've rambled enough now, but this is my opinion on how to perhaps provide a boost for the competitive environment.
P.S. On a sidenote, I touched on this earlier but why is there no unranked 1v1 automatch? It's kinda weird to not have a practice environment out of custom 1v1's, if you want a competitive environment you need to distinguish it from the casual environment, otherwise both are the same thing by definition and it's impossible for one to flourish independent of and without hurting the other